According to the great Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides (know as RaMBaM), there are three types of blessings:
Blessings
Birchot Hanehenin
Birchot Hamitzvot
Birchot Hodaah
Birchot Hanehenin
These are blessings recited before eating, drinking or smelling nice things.
Birchot Hamitzvot
These are blessings recited before doing a mitzva.
Birchot Hodaah
These are blessings that express praise and thanks to HaShem.